Insight into the HEV/PHEV optimal control solution based on a new tuning method

The paper presents a formulation of the energy management problem for Hybrid Electrical Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles alike, which permits to consider different cost indexes like fuel consumption, total and primary energy consumption, economic cost or CO2 footprint. In-depth analysis of the problem optimal solution is done by means of the application of the λ plot method, which also permits the optimal tuning of other implementable control strategies. Such an approach is used to understand the effect of the selected cost index, the regional energetic share, the driving conditions, and for deriving rules for battery sizing. & 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.